In spite of the massive revenue emanating from oil wealth, the successive government of Nigeria failed to give its citizenry the dividend of democracy owing in large part to their inability to establish a market clearing situation because of inadequate linkage between the sources and the markets (transport infrastructures). An Inquiry into the cause and potential solutions to the problems of transport infrastructure development in Nigeria informed the need to regress indices of fiscal vulnerability on the indicator of transport infrastructure development in Nigeria from 1986 through 2017 using the dynamic ordinary least squares regression technique. Results show that high-level fiscal vulnerability deters optimal government expenditure on transport infrastructure development in Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that government should do more to block all leakages of fiscal revenues and subsequently ensure that more allocation is channeled into transporting infrastructure development because of its forward and backward linkages.

Objective: Theoretical increase in the use of information technology has led to economic growth, and a strong network is a prerequisite for increasing economic growth, and also in recent years, the transformation of has played an important role in the country's economic growth and development. This paper examines the linkages between the development of telecommunications infrastructure, economic growth. Methods: To investigate the matter, used four key indicators of operation of a macro economy variables: gross capital formation, foreign direct investment inflows, urbanization rates, and trade openness. By studying the MENA countries over the period 1990 2016 and employing a panel vector auto-regressive model for estimating. Findings Unexpectedly it finds the results indicate that the development of telecommunication infrastructure has a negative effect on economic growth, and economic growth has a positive and significant effect on the development of telecommunication infrastructure. Results: The impact of developing telecommunications infrastructure on economic growth is not significant, so policy changes need to be made. If we want to develop telecommunications infrastructure to economic growth, we need to change the relevant policies in this area.

In this study, the impact of infrastructure on human development has been investigated in Iran in the 1990-2016 time interval, Autoregressive distributed lag is used as methodology. The results indicate, that social infrastructure, energy and banking in both short-run and long-run have positive and significant effects on human development. The infrastructure of water and transportation have a significant positive effect in the short run, but, within one interruptions, they reduce human development index and the impact water infrastructure reduction on human development is not significant. Despite the positive and significant impact of the of water on human development, the downward and significant trend of the effect of transportation on human development in the long run has been recognized. In the long run, the significant negative impact of communication infrastructure on human development is slightly more than that in the shortterm. Therefore, the quality improvement along with the quantification of positive in infrastructure and revision of infrastructure policies with negative impacts are recommended.

It is believed that equipping a country or region with adequate and appropriate infrastructure is an important factor for sustaining economic growth, attracting foreign investment, and expanding trade. However, several studies have shown that access to infrastructure facilities in the counties of ardabil province are unequal and there is insufficient infrastructure to exploit the potential of this province for economic growth. With awareness of the lack of a comprehensive study on the infrastructures of ardabil province, this study aimed to analyze the spatial inequality of infrastructure development in ardabil province. Purpose of research is applied, its approach is descriptive-analytical-comparative, and the data collection method is document-libraries. For this purpose, 100 infrastructure indicators were used, which were classified into six groups of transport and communications infrastructure, social-welfare, water and energy, agriculture, financial and green areas. To analyze these indices, the bull’ s eye model was used in the form of three parameters gray numbers, and their weight was calculated by preference selection index (psi) method. The calculations of this model showed that in positive (0. 486) and relative bull’ s eye (0. 522), moghan county and in comprehensive bull’ s eye (0. 488), ardabil county are in the first place. Parsabad county was considered as the most deprived county with scores of 0. 57, 0. 19 and 5. 776 in all three responses. Comprehensive bull’ s eye calculation by infrastructure groups showed that bilesavar county in transport and communication infrastructure, parsabad county in social-welfare infrastructure, neer county in energy infrastructure, khalkhal county in agricultural infrastructure, khalkhal and moghan county in financial infrastructure and ardabil in green infrastructure are severely lacking. Due to the great impact of health infrastructure on the gdp of the province, the priority of economic policy and public investment was given to health infrastructure. The result is that there is inequality in the distribution of infrastructure facilities in ardabil province, and for proper planning to address these shortcomings requires further studies to increase gdp, income convergence, and economic growth.